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Effects on Politics at home The Vietnam War brought complete turmoil to the American society. It all started when President Harry Truman wanted to stop the spread of communism in the Middle East and Asia by promoting the United States as an anti-communism country and offering help to other countries that were also against communism. President Truman used the word containment to describe this act of stopping communism in his foreign policies. This containment policy transcended to the 1960s, when John F. Kennedy and his successor, Lyndon B. Johnson, were presidents. Kennedy won his presidency based largely on the fact that he promised to be more involvement in Vietnam (which was favored largely by the United States population) and the Cold War in general. Kennedy wanted to be more involved in Vietnam, and the Cold War in general, to preserve America’s power. With Kennedy and his team of U.S. Foreign Policy advisors, they believed to preserve America’s power they could help the development of Third World countries—mostly, in turn so they will not become communist countries. One of these countries so happened to be Laos, however, it soon fell to communism and Kennedy had to pull back forces. With the failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion and the back down in Laos, Kennedy believed that America could not withstand another failure; another hit that would diminish America’s integrity. This is what led to Kennedy’s involvement in Vietnam—for he could not take another defeat of it. Kennedy offered a huge amount of support for the Ngo Dinh Diem’s Government. However, Kennedy rejected continuous proposals on sending large amounts of American troops into Vietnam in fear of a full out war and a huge rate of deployment. Instead, Kennedy ... ...t about 2 billion dollars a month, leading America to experience deficits and inflation. Because of this de-valued U.S. currency, it lead foreign investors to invest in things more profitable—taking away a lot of America’s revenue. This lead to extremely higher tax rates, which also, threaten Johnson’s reelection. There were protests in the streets, angry civilians, too many soldiers overseas, and chaos among congress, that led to Johnson’s downfall. America was an absolute turmoil, and because Johnson relied too heavily on his advisors—which often had many different opinions—he did not know how to control the chaos. When reelection time came around, Richard M. Nixon won in a landslide with the promise of ending war in Vietnam. By 1969, Nixon had instituted Vietnamization. This policy ended America’s involvement in the war and lead to a more stable America.

Mainframe/Pc Evolution

Mainframe/PC Evolution The evolution of mainframe computing to personal computing began with the invention of the mainframe for businesses and government use. The Personal Computer (PC) evolved from companies wanting the same information from scaled down version of the mainframe and dumb terminal. Though they both consist of data storage, processors, input and output devices. However, they have their differences. Mainframes The mainframe was invented in the 1950’s. One of the first mainframes was the Univac 1, which was delivered to the Census Bureau in 1952.It measured 25-feet by 50-feet and had a storage capacity of 1000 words or 12,000 characters (Lexikon Services, 1982). In the 1970s the mainframe changed with the development of UNIX operating system (Rogers, 2010). A mainframe according to Vaughan (n. d. ), â€Å"A mainframe is a continually evolving general purpose computing platform incorporating in it architectural definition the essential functionality required by it s target applications† (par. 5). The Mainframe is a multi-user data storage and application computing system.Mainframe systems can be a single mainframe unit or multiple mainframe units, depending on the number of users and uses, it is needed for. Information is entered in on a dumb terminal or workstation. The mainframe can be in the same room or in another room and even on a different floor. The mainframe is known for its reliability and why companies are willing to spend the half-a-million dollars or more for them. Mainframes have fast bus speeds, high cache speeds, error detection, and error correction (Rogers, 2010). Personal Computers One of the first computers to be considered a Personal Computer was the IBM PC in 1981.Others were invented from 1955. It consisted of a monitor, keyboard, and desktop base with diskette drives. It weighed 28 pounds. Companies were looking for a way to down-scale and cut the cost of the mainframe system. The Personal Computer, according to Whatis. com is a â€Å"microcomputer designed for use by one person at a time† (TechTarget, 2008, par. 1). In today’s terms it consist of a display unit, keyboard, mouse, tower or desktop that consists of a hard drive, memory, processors, mother board, and other hardware to carry out its functions as a microcomputer.The cost of a Personal Computer has become affordable over the years for an individual to purchase for home use as well as company use. The use of a personal computer varies in that it is used for company business, home computing, gaming, and has other opportunities for an individual computing needs. The PC has changed the way people do business, pay their bills, entertain themselves, and communicate. The PC can process data, run programs and applications, become a database, and can be networked into other PC’s and mainframes.The Personal Computer makes it easier for smaller companies to achieve what larger companies can do with mainframes. Pcâ€℠¢s can be networked together can share the same information, store information, and work efficiently. The hand held PC provides for computing mobility, which provides for more productivity. PC and Mainframe Comparison The mainframe is a large, reliable, multi-user computing system costing millions of dollars. If a mainframe has any downtime, the whole system and users cannot work. The PC is a small, affordable, and single user microcomputer that an individual can buy.It can be used for business and home computing. It has similarities to the mainframe; display unit, keyboard, processor, memory, information storage, and operating systems. Contrasts â€Å"Mainframe operating systems are designed primarily to optimize utilization of hardware. Personal computer (PC) operating systems support complex games, business applications, and everything in between† (Silbershcatz, Galvin, & Gagne, 2009). The mainframe is more costly than a PC. However, it is more reliable than the PC. The ma inframe can process information much faster than a PC.It also has faster bus speeds and higher cache speeds. The hardware in a mainframe has error detection and error correction for less downtime (Rogers, 2010). The PC is smaller, cheaper, and a single-user computer system. Its uses include home, business, and entertainment purposes. The PC system is can easily be moved by one person, the Mainframe system takes multiple people to move it. Conclusion The mainframe made way for the personal computer. In a large business setting a mainframe would be worth the price.The PC is continuing to evolve and is becoming smaller and more evolved as technology advances. Even though they have their differences, each serves it purpose in today’s society. References Blinkenlights Archaeological Institute. (1999-2007). Pop Quiz: What was the first personal computer? Retrieved November 26, 2011from http://www. blinkenlights. com/pc. shtml Lexikon Services. (1982-2000). UNIVAC 1 (1951) First Com mercially Available Computer. Retrieved November 26, 2011 from http://www. computermuseum. li/Testpage/UNIVAC-1-FullView-A. htm Rogers, S. (2010).Comparison and Contrast Between Mainframes and PC's. Retrieved November 26, 2011 from http://www. associatedcontent. com/article/5884114/comparison_and_contrast_between_mainframes. html? cat=15 Silbershcatz, A. , Galvin, P. B. , & Gagne, G. (2009). Operating System Concepts (8th ed. ). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Inc. TechTarget. (2008). Whatis. com. Retrieved November 26, 2011 from http://whatis. techtarget. com/definition/0,,sid9_gci214279,00. html Vaughan, L. H. (n. d. ). What is a â€Å"Mainframe†. Retrieved November 26, 2011 from http://www. mainframes. com/whatis. htm

Same Sex Marriage During The United States - 2344 Words

Same-Sex Marriage in the United States Nora Botros Political Science 100 California State University, Fullerton The United States Constitution lists civil rights that everyone should be granted as a citizen of the United States. However, there has been a struggle over the civil rights of the LGBT community, and how the amendments of the constitution have been interpreted. This has become common especially regarding the Fourteenth Amendment. Currently, there is a large focus on the ongoing debate for legalizing or legalizing same-sex marriage in the United States. This issue has become so large that there is also a controversy on whether the federal government should be involved in the decision on whether to legalize it†¦show more content†¦Although someone may be affiliated with these political parties does not necessarily mean that they all hold the same views on same-sex marriage. Liberals, like President Barack Obama, generally side with the arguments that favor same-sex marriage and believe that it should be legalized. Conservatives, on the other hand, such as President Bill Clin ton and President George W. Bush, believe that marriage should be kept the way it has always been, and generally oppose the legalization of same-sex marriage. The personal views of each president has been seen in their policies and legislations. There are several arguments as to why same-sex marriage should be legalized, which will be explored in this paper. Those who support same-sex marriage argue that allowing same-sex couples to marry will not cause any harm to â€Å"traditional† marriages and will not ruin the sanctity of marriage. Another common argument is the fact that marriage is about love and commitment. If two people of the same sex love each other and want to be committed to each other, why are they not able to get married? Denying gays the right to marry is often seen as a discrimination based on sex and a violation of civil rights, which should not be denied to anyone. Marriage is a civil right and should be granted to everyone no matter their race, gender or sexual orientation. Gay marriage supporters also believe that allowing only a man and a woman to marry

Palm Island - 2229 Words

THE DUBAI PALMS: CONSTRUCTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES ETHAN POLIE In the late twentieth century, the Middle Eastern nation of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) began to make plans to distance itself from the petroleum industry that dominates most of the Persia. Driven by the fact that internal experts believe the country’s oil reserves will be depleted by the year 2012, the UAE is attempting to transition to a service industry, with a major focus on tourism, retail, and entertainment. In order to transform its economy, the UAE is first focusing of the already advanced city of Dubai, which is the first tax free, centrally-planned, freemarket capitalist society in the Middle East (1). With an economy valued at over forty six billion†¦show more content†¦At this point, the island began to show shape, but rose only several feet above the surface of the water. The final step was to dredge over 8,500,000 m3 (302,000,000 ft3) of ocean sand onto the top of the base structure in order to create habitable islands. This sea sand increased the is land’s height to 4 m (13 ft) above low tide (6). In order to quickly, yet precisely acquire and distribute the sand, fleets of dredging vessels and massive transport/delivery ships were brought from a European manufacturer. Dredging In dredging millions of cubic meters of sea bed, the project used specialized cutter suction dredgers in order to apply the sand to the desired surface. A cutter suction dredger, according to the European Dredging Association (EuDA), is a large rig with a powerful underwater suction tube generally 10 - 100 cm in diameter extended angularly from the centroid of the vessel with a large crane extending from the rear of the ship to stabilize the tube (7). Due to the dense makeup of the Persian Gulf, the dredgers had a cutting head at the base of the tube. This head chews through the rock bed with over 5,000kW cutting power. It was equipped with a massive jet dredge system powered by a submerged pump attached to the tube to help pull the destroyed bedr ock into the ship (8 9). The jet dredge systems create an extreme negative pressure in the pipe, which creates a basic Bernoulli venturie tube effect.Show MoreRelatedThe Case Of The Palm Island Death1739 Words   |  7 PagesThe well-known case of the Palm Island death in custody in 2004, refers to the tragic death of Cameron Doomadgee, who is also referred to in most legal and media documents by his tribal name, Mulrunji. Mulrunji died on the 19th November, 2004 after being taken into custody by Senior Sergeant Christopher Hurley to the Palm Island watch house (Hurley v. Clements Ors (2008). The grounds for his arrest according to the court documents, was for being a public nuisance after swearing at Police LiaisonRead MoreMy Experience At The Burj Al Arab886 Words   |  4 Pages1994 on the man-made island including over 3000 diverse companies and contractors, which include 250 designers and from the UK, USA, and Dubai. A. The Palm Island is the man-made island which took two years to reclaim. 1. It took 3 years of a landmark for the Burj Al Arab. 2. The Burj Al Arab officially opened in 1999. B. The Tower of Arab 1. The hotel has 70,000cubic meters of concrete and 9,000 tons of steel. 2. Burj Al Arab stands 280 meters off shore on the man-made island and is supported byRead MoreA Study of Water Quality Near to a Coral Reef Site in the Region of Dubai, United Arab Emirates2734 Words   |  11 Pagesleading to desirable level of pollutants. 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It contains hotels, villas shoreline apartment buildingsRead MoreTaking a Look at the Palm Jumeirah1081 Words   |  4 PagesThe Palm Jumeirah is an artificial island created by Nakheel, a company owned by the Dubai government in the United Arab Emirates. It was developed during an economic boom in Dubai, creating an increase in tourism and demand for luxury living. It was created to boost Dubai as the tourism capital of the world. It is also a world-renowned residential and tourism destination consisting of entertainment centres, 40 five-star ho tels, 1800 villa, and 2400 apartments. It spans over 5 km in width and 5 kmRead MoreMillau Viaduct The Millau Viaduct is located on Millau and Creissels, France. The bridge stretches700 Words   |  3 Pageslargest power station in terms of installed capacity with a capacity of 22,500 MW. The Palm Islands The Palm Islands are three artificial islands situated in Dubai, UAE. They are in the shape of palm trees and are made out of only sand and rocks. This was done as per the order of the Prince of Dubai in order to make it very natural. The main objective of the construction was to increase tourism. The Palm island consist of luxury hotels, resorts, residential villas marinas, restaurants, water themeRead MoreDubai, United Arab Emirates1349 Words   |  6 Pagesbuilding because they all counteract each other. (Burj Khalifa – Structural Engineering) Continuing on, Dubai still has many amazing architectural factors and one includes the Palm Islands. Currently, there are two existing man-made islands, they include the Palm Jebel Ali, and the Palm Jumeirah. The Palm Jumeirah was the original island built by the property company Nakheel. Three billion cubic feet of sand was dredged from the seabed, and seven million tons of mountain rocks were used to build the baseRead MoreThe Effect Of Blending Of Crude Palm Oil With Sunflower And Groundnut Oil On Proximate Composition1641 Words   |  7 PagesEffect of blending of Crude Palm oil with sunflower and groundnut oil on proximate composition, ÃŽ ²-carotene and total carotenoids contents of samosa and cutlet Rajni Goyal* ,Sudesh Jood and Neelam Khetarpaul, *Department of Home Science,University College,Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra Department of Foods Nutrition, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar- 125004 Abstract Purpose- Crude palm oil (CPO) is an excellent source of ÃŽ ²-carotene and mono-unsaturated fatty acid mainlyRead MoreMini Island Descriptive Essay1099 Words   |  5 Pagesa small island with the name of Sunny Views. This mini island is what anybody would consider an average paradise. There’s the ocean of course, palm trees, beach fun, and eventful resorts. There were surfers in the water and youngsters playing in the sand. Everything was perfect and sounded pretty normal, on paper, that is until you see it in person. This particular island consisted of all animals. The workers were animals and the resorts were animals! All of the population on this island were animalsRead MoreAnalysis Of War Doll Hotel 1501 Words   |  7 PagesHawaiians have experienced difficulty with understanding their identity since the arrival of the first haoles. Since then, with the promise of labor and tropical paradise, people of all different races and cultures have flocked to the islands. Befo re the arrival, the language, beliefs, and traditions that solidified their culture had already been established and practiced solely by the Hawaiian people for generations. Yet through years of interracial marriages, Hawaii has become home to many hapa

Analysis Of The Poem Elizabeth - 962 Words

The indignant tone of this poem fits perfectly for how the writer is feeling. Elizabeth is showing her anger towards the situation of slavery and unfair treatment of blacks. She believes there is an injustice that needs to be fixed. Everyone should perceive America the same: hopeful, fair, and free. However, this is not the case because there is racism towards blacks and blacks are perceiving America completely different. While the tone is indignant, the structure of the poem is in couplets up until the very last line. All of the lines are roughly the same length, until line 9. In line 9 the word â€Å"Leave† sticks out farther past any of the other lines. This is to show emphasis on how bad the conditions were for blacks during this time, and how they needed to escape. The first two stanzas talk about what life was like as a slave. The harsh conditions they had to work through: blazing summers and artic winters. The next two stanzas talk about the view points between The Beautiful and Sublime: the white and black. The last stanza of the poem leading into the last line talks about the freedom from slavery. Slavery will be wiped out completely and praise will be heard instead of cries. The shape of the poem is in somewhat of a square, and all the lines are fairly the same length. Except for line 9, where the word â€Å"Leave† sticks out like a sore thumb. This word is farther out than any other word because it highlights the meaning of the entire poem. For a young black male toShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of 3 of Elizabeth Barrett Brownings Poems2594 Words   |  11 PagesStep 1- first impression Step 2- contrasts Step 3- purpose of the author in writing the poem Step 4- line-by-line analysis of the literary devices used in the poem Expository paragraph Sonnet from the Portuguese V: I lift my heavy heart up solemnly by Elizabeth Barrett Browning I lift my heavy heart up solemnly, As once Electra her sepulchral urn, And, looking in thine eyes, I overturn The ashes at thy feet. Behold and see What a great heap of grief lay hid in me, And how the red wild sparklesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Sestina By Elizabeth Bishop1603 Words   |  7 PagesElizabeth Bishop, a dramatically different and thought provoking poet, brought into being a fresh and new style of poetry. Her poetry covered certain parts of her life in addition to giving the world chastised looks. In particular, â€Å"Sestina† aptly named for the stanza the poem takes form in, presents us with a haunting and austere outer look to a scene with a grandmother and her grandchild. Bishop employs imagery like tears and the theme of time to illustrate her own loss and despair by depictingRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem In Sestina By Elizabeth Bishop927 Words   |  4 Pagesthe diction is short sweet and to the point, thus so is the theme or life lesson taught in the piece. In Sestina by Elizabeth Bishop, the complicated literary techniques and in depth personification of common objects adds a complexity to the theme, which is evident as the objects in the house start to represent repeated words throughout the poem. Immediately at the start of the poem a morbid tone is brought to the forefront, just hanging at the edge of the reader’s comprehension, showing somethingRead MorePoem Analysis : One Art By Elizabeth Bishop1185 Words   |  5 Pagessadness because these memories could possibly be gone. The thought and emotion of losing someone does not compare to losing a loved one. It is a pain that cannot be explained, an empty feeling that one must learn to live with. In the poem, â€Å"One Art†, by poet Elizabeth Bishop tells how people lose something every day. Bishop gives the readers an example of losing home keys and how much time is spent looking for them. Losing home keys can be very stressful when one needs them. Things like keys, a phoneRead MoreAnalysis Of Poem One Art By Elizabeth Bishon896 Words   |  4 PagesElizabeth Bishon’s poem â€Å"One Art† explores the universal experience of loss through enacting a structured, post-modern villanelle, which utilizes parody through understatement and â€Å"disobeying† the rigid structure of a villanelle. The speaker’s strategy is revealed through the structural form as well as the play of language through the speaker’s discourse, implications, and ordering. The poem’s linguistic contributions help perform the speaker’s poetic purpose. Before entering into the structuralRead MoreAnalysis Of Elizabeth Bishop s Poem One Art 991 Words   |  4 PagesWriting Assignment 1A Elizabeth Bishop’s poem â€Å"One Art† is a lyrical poem, as opposed to one that is narrative and story-like, where the speaker is emotionally performing a kind of self-therapy in writing about her struggles in dealing with the many losses in her life, from the simplest of losses such as a set of keys, to the most painful loss, that of a loved one, most likely the person in her life to whom she was the closest. On a surface level reading, Ms. Bishop is suggesting that dealingRead MoreAnalysis Of Elizabeth Cady Stanton s Poem, I Do Love You Lizzie !1138 Words   |  5 PagesI read both factual, and relevant information that was supported and developed throughout the novel. I enjoyed the fact that the author used actual quotes, and dialogue from letters between Elizabeth and her husband Henry which created a sense of reality. Ginzberg included a letter that stated, ‘â€Å"I do love you Lizzie!† he was from Boston. â€Å"‘Will you forgive all my col dness unkindness†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (48). The author was extremely knowledgeable and had many sources for the information presented. There was anRead MoreEssay on Elements of Life1095 Words   |  5 Pagesunderstanding poetry, many may discover that there could be several different elements and styles that an author can incorporate into their poems. Many poems may seem simple and straightforward on the surface, but there could be an underlying deeper meaning behind the words. There are many instances in which a song can be compared to a poem such as Elizabeth Bishops â€Å"The Fish† and the theme song from the 1981 film â€Å"Chariots of Fire†. These two are great examples of their related sound, rhythm, andRead MoreHow Do I Love Thee? Let Me Count The Ways `` By Elizabeth Barrett Browning989 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"How Do I Love Thee? Let Me Count the Ways† by Elizabeth Barrett Browning has a clear theme which can be found in the final six lines: true love c an overcome anything and is forever in nature. This love poem is a sonnet written in iambic pentameter. Although it does not have a rhyme scheme of that of an Italian sonnet, it does follow the structure. Browning uses repetition, rhyme, and imagery in order to express her love and affection. Browning chooses to value quality over quantity to show herRead MoreThe Comparison of Two Love Poems634 Words   |  3 PagesThe poem â€Å"How Do I Love Thee†, by Elizabeth Barrett Browning, and â€Å"What Lips My Lips Have Kissed†, by Edna Vincent Millay are both well-known poems that both have themes of love. (LIT, Kirszner Mandell, Pg. 490). In both poems the poet helps the reader experience a lot of emotion with the use of certain words. There are speakers in both poems. In Mrs. Browning’s poem, the speaker is undefined, leaving open that the speaker could be a he or she. Millay’s poem which is written in first person, the

Policing and the Constitution Free Essays

The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution states: Prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures and sets out requirements for search warrants based on probable cause. This amendment impacts law enforcement because police need a warrant to make arrests and searches. This is not applicable if the officer has first-hand knowledge of an event and the evidence is likely to be destroyed or the subject will abscond if time is taken to get a warrant. We will write a custom essay sample on Policing and the Constitution or any similar topic only for you Order Now If a warrantless search is made by the police that should have been made only after a warrant was issued, then all knowledge gained by that evidence is not allowed in testimony. The Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution states: Set out rules for indictment by grand jury and eminent domain, protects the right to due process, and prohibits self-incrimination and double jeopardy. This means that the officer does not determine innocence or guilt. She or he only determines probable cause of belief of guilt. Also, an officer cannot force a person to bear witness against himself. If a person is tried and a verdict is given, that person cannot be tried again. Accused persons cannot be forced to say anything. Eminent domain is the power of a government to take private property for public use, usually with compensation paid to the owner. The Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution states: Protects the right to a fair and speedy public trial by jury, including the rights to be notified of accusations, to confront the accuser, to obtain witnesses and to retain counsel. This means the subject has the right to counsel before, during, and after questioning. Should the subject request the presence of an attorney, questioning should cease until counsel arrives. Probable cause is one of the fundamental protections built into the criminal justice system by the founding generation of the United States. Probable cause is the standard by which an officer or agent of the law has the grounds to obtain a warrant for, or as an exception to the warrant requirements for, making an arrest or conducting a personal or property search, etc. when criminal charges are being considered. This term comes from the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution. The exclusionary rule is a rule in which any evidence that is obtained in violation of the accused’s rights under the Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Amendments, as well as any evidence derived from illegally obtained evidence, will not be admissible in criminal court. The exclusionary rule has been controversial for decades because many people believe that it is unconstitutional and not helpful the finding the truth in criminal proceedings. The name fruit of the poisonous tree is thus a metaphor: the poisonous tree is evidence seized in an illegal arrest, search, or interrogation by law enforcement. The fruit of this poisonous tree is evidence later discovered because of knowledge gained from the first illegal search, arrest, or interrogation. The poisonous tree and the fruit are both excluded from a criminal trial. The fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine is an offspring of the exclusionary rule. The Miranda rights, also known as Miranda warning, is a warning given by police in the United States to criminal suspects in police custody before they are interrogated to preserve the admissibility of their statements against them in criminal proceedings. Your Miranda rights are your rights as per being under arrest. If you are not under arrest they may detain you, but cannot lock you up unless by reasonable evidence they can prove that you are guilty of the crime in which they would more than likely arrest you. Questioning is not a reasonable excuse to lock you up without circumstantial evidence. They do not need to notify you unless they search your property, or person in which they would need a warrant and also do not need notification with accurate evidence against you. Your Miranda warning reads as followed: You have the right to remain silent. If you give up that right, anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law. You have the right to speak with an attorney and to have an attorney present during questioning. If you so desire and cannot afford one, an attorney will be appointed for you without charge before questioning. An arrest is the taking into custody of a citizen for the purpose of detaining him or her on a criminal charge. Frisking is a search of a person’s outer clothing wherein a person runs his or her hands along the outer garments to detect any concealed weapons or contraband. A stop takes place when a law enforcement officer has reasonable suspicion that a criminal activity is about to take place. An interrogation is the direct questioning of a suspect to gather evidence of criminal activity and to try to gain a confession. A custodial interrogation occurs when a suspect is under arrest or is deprived of his or her freedom in a significant manner. A reading of the Miranda warning is only required before a custodial interrogation. An interrogation is when you are not in custody, and a custodial interrogation is when you are in custody. How to cite Policing and the Constitution, Papers

Facial Feedback Hypothesis free essay sample

Denise Wiseman Facial Feedback The facial feedback hypothesis states that the action of a person’s facial musculature is a casual agent in the subjective sensation of emotions (Deckers, 2005). Many psychologists agree that the free expression of the physical characteristics of emotions, such as smiling or frowning, are actually direct feedback of the emotion an individual is feeling. For example, a smile from a person may cause happiness in another individual while a frown may cause sadness. However, after further research it was determined that facial feedback only moderates the intensity or longevity of an emotion. For example, a study was conducted that required some individuals to hold a pen in their mouth while attending a comedy show. Those individuals did not show physical signs of laughter or amusement but reported being just as amused as the individuals who did not have the pens in their mouth. Bertrand Russell and Schachter said â€Å"emotion is a joint function of autonomic arousal and cognitive attributions or ‘labels’ for that arousal† (Buck, 1980, p. We will write a custom essay sample on Facial Feedback Hypothesis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 812). What Bertrand Russell and Schachter are suggesting is that emotions stem from the combination of emotion and the biofeedback effect of facial muscles. Roseman and Smith explain the four observations of emotion-inducing situations. The first in that different appraisals of the same event can produce different emotions. The second is that the same appraisal of different events can produce the same emotion. Also, the outcome of the appraisal process can produce an involuntary emotion. Lastly, appraisal can happen whether a person is aware of it or not (Deckers, 2005). From these observations by Roseman and Smith it was determined that appraisal of an event occurs in four steps. First, an emotion-inducing event creates a stimulus for emotion. Then, a pre-aware appraisal calculates the negative and positive outcomes of the stimulus favoring the avoidance of danger. From there the appraisal process comes into awareness and goes through cortical evaluation that focuses on the attitudes, personalities, needs, and goals of the individual. Lastly, the emotion turns into physiological response and behavior. References Deckers, L. (2010). Motivation: Biological, Psychological, and Environmental (3rd ed. ) Boston: Pearson/Allyn Bacon. Buck, R. (1980). Nonverbal Behavior and the Theory of Emotion: The Facial Feedback Hypothesis. Journal of Personality Social Psychology, 38(5), 811-824.